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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's initial...
The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

The Sympathetic Nervous System

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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats
03:48

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Published on: December 6, 2024

A Hypothalamic Inhibitory Circuit Encoding the Scalability of Stress Responses.

Yuhan Cao, Megumi H Seese, Zhiying Jiang

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 10, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) control the brain's stress response scalability. These neurons inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) in an intensity-dependent manner.

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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    Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
    09:29

    Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

    Published on: August 4, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Endocrinology
    • Stress Physiology

    Background:

    • The stress response is crucial for adaptation, but its dynamic regulation is not fully understood.
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons, is central to stress adaptation.
    • Scalability of stress responses to varying stimuli intensity requires precise neural control mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) in encoding stress response scalability.
    • To elucidate the functional circuit involving Arc GABAergic neurons and PVH CRH neurons in modulating the HPA axis.
    • To determine if these specific Arc GABAergic neurons are distinct from known neuronal populations like AgRP and TH.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques to manipulate specific neuronal populations in vivo.
    • Measured GABA release and neuronal activity in response to different stressor intensities.
    • Assessed HPA axis activity and stress behaviors following targeted neuronal silencing or activation.
    • Performed molecular identity screening of the identified neurocircuit.

    Main Results:

    • Arc GABAergic neurons directly inhibit PVH CRH neurons, regulating the HPA axis.
    • GABA release and Arc GABAergic neuron activity decreased during prolonged, high-intensity stress but not low-intensity stress.
    • Selective manipulation of these Arc GABAergic neurons altered HPA axis activity and stress levels, confirming their inhibitory role.
    • Identified these neurons as non-AgRP/TH expressing.

    Conclusions:

    • The non-AgRP/TH Arc GABAergic neurocircuit projecting to PVH CRH neurons is a key substrate for encoding stress response scalability.
    • This circuit modulates inhibitory GABA release in an intensity-dependent manner, fine-tuning the HPA axis response.
    • Findings reveal a novel mechanism for adaptive stress regulation based on stimulus intensity.