Continuing Professional Development in the Artificial Intelligence Era

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping clinical work in ways that unsettle the foundational assumptions of continuing professional development (CPD). Existing CPD frameworks-Kirkpatrick, Miller, Moore, and the Five Domains-presume that clinicians are the primary generators of knowledge, the center of agency, and the drivers of performance and outcomes. AI disrupts this logic. Systems that draft clinical reasoning, modulate workflows, and influence decision pathways no longer function as passive tools but as active contributors to clinical judgment. As agency becomes distributed across human and machine actors, traditional frames that link CPD participation to changes in competence, performance, and outcomes begin to collapse. This paper introduces a Post-AI CPD model comprising three configurations-Augmentation, Integration, and Co-Agency-that describe how clinicians learn and act within AI-mediated environments. In Augmentation, AI enhances efficiency without altering reasoning. In Integration, clinicians negotiate uncertainty and shared judgment with AI partners. In Co-Agency, AI becomes embedded in workflows such that clinical action is jointly produced by humans, algorithms, and institutional structures. CPD's future relevance depends on shifting from training individuals to use AI tools toward preparing clinicians to interpret, supervise, and ultimately steward AI-embedded practice environments. Without this reconfiguration, CPD risks misalignment with the realities of AI-saturated clinical care.