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Updated: Jul 12, 2026
Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
Published on: November 2, 2013
Combining pathology artificial intelligence and genomic biomarkers to refine long-term postprostatectomy outcome
Matthew R Cooperberg1,2, Kevin Shee1, Janet E Cowan1
1Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Background:
A multimodal AI (MMAI) model has been validated in prostate biopsy specimens to guide treatment intensification in men receiving radiation. The MMAI has been explored to an extent for prostatectomy patients and has not yet been examined in relation to established genomic scores.
Methods:
We applied the MMAI biopsy model to a tissue microarray (TMA) of 424 prostatectomy cases with long-term follow-up. MMAI scores were derived from digitized pathology images and clinical variables. Associations with biochemical recurrence and metastasis were tested using logistic and Cox regression, adjusting for the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) and genomic cell cycle progression (CCP) scores.
Results:
MMAI scores were generated from one TMA spot for each of 414 patients (98%). At 10 years, recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival were 74% and 96%, respectively. In univariable models, MMAI was significantly associated with BCR (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06) and metastasis (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07). MMAI was not independently prognostic after adjustment for CAPRA, but remained significant when adjusted for CCP. Correlation between MMAI and either CAPRA or CCP was modest (r < 0.35). The model combining MMAI and CCP achieved the highest discrimination for metastasis (c-index 0.76), comparable to CAPRA (c-index 0.75).
Conclusions:
The MMAI score, originally developed for whole slide biopsy specimens, was prognostic when applied to a TMA of prostatectomy specimens despite not being designed for TMAs. Although not outperforming established clinical tools, it provided complementary information when combined with genomic data. The MMAI platform merits further refinement and validation in diverse clinical settings.
