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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
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Copolymerized Plasticizer Enables Halogen-Free Processing Toward 20.78% and 17.83% Efficient Organic Solar Cells and

Jiachen Zhang1, Hongxiang Li2, Junyuan Ding1

  • 1Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a copolymerized plasticizer strategy to improve the solubility of donor polymers in nonhalogenated solvents for organic solar cells (OSCs). This breakthrough enhances processability and achieves record power conversion efficiencies in OSCs and modules.

Keywords:
large‐area modulesnonhalogenated solvent processingorganic solar cellsrandom copolymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Nonhalogenated solvents are ideal for scalable organic solar cell (OSC) fabrication.
  • High-molecular-weight donor polymers with crystalline backbones exhibit poor solubility in these solvents, hindering OSC performance.
  • The pinnacle donor material (D18) exemplifies this challenge, limiting morphology development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the solubility and processability of high-molecular-weight donor polymers in nonhalogenated solvents.
  • To improve the morphology evolution and device performance of organic solar cells (OSCs).
  • To develop a strategy that maintains the polymer's intrinsic properties while improving solvation.

Main Methods:

  • A copolymerized "plasticizer" strategy was employed, integrating a specific plasticizing comonomer into the D18 polymer backbone, creating D18-O.
  • The plasticizing unit (bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl) thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-3,6-dicarboxylate) was designed to enhance dipolar interactions with toluene.
  • The effects of this modification on polymer solubility, aggregation, crystallization kinetics, and morphology were investigated.

Main Results:

  • D18-O demonstrated significantly enhanced solubility in toluene due to improved solvation via dipolar interactions.
  • The plasticizing units effectively suppressed excessive pre-aggregation and slowed down donor crystallization kinetics.
  • This led to the formation of well-defined nanocrystals and optimized hierarchical morphologies during nonhalogenated processing.

Conclusions:

  • The copolymerized plasticizer strategy successfully overcomes the solubility limitations of high-performance donor polymers in nonhalogenated solvents.
  • This approach enables high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in organic solar cells (OSCs) and modules processed from toluene.
  • Record certified PCEs of 20.40% for OSCs and 17.29% for modules were achieved, alongside exceptional stability.