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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Published on: December 11, 2014

Strings from Almost Nothing.

Clifford Cheung¹, Grant N Remmen², Francesco Sciotti³

¹California Institute of Technology, Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|July 10, 2026

Summary

String theory arises from basic scattering principles. Consistency demands specific scattering amplitude properties, uniquely leading to string theory amplitudes like Veneziano and Virasoro-Shapiro.

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Area of Science:

Theoretical Physics
High-Energy Physics
Quantum Field Theory

Background:

Scattering amplitudes are fundamental in quantum field theory.
Understanding the origins of string theory is a major goal in theoretical physics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate that string theory is an inevitable consequence of fundamental physical principles.
To connect scattering amplitude properties to the emergence of string theory.

Main Methods:

Analyzing tree-level four-point scattering amplitudes.
Imposing consistency conditions and ultrasoft high-energy behavior.
Investigating the properties of minimally consistent amplitudes.

Main Results:

Identified that consistency requires vanishing residues in scattering amplitudes.
Proved that these conditions uniquely lead to Veneziano and Virasoro-Shapiro amplitudes.
Extended the logic to five-point scattering.

Conclusions:

String theory emerges naturally from fundamental assumptions about physical scattering.
The mathematical structure of scattering amplitudes dictates the form of string theory.
This provides a new perspective on the foundations of string theory.