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Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

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When vision listens: auditory predictive processing in primary visual cortex of anesthetized rats.

Jazmín S Sánchez¹, Ana B Lao-Rodríguez¹, David Pérez-González²

¹Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla and Leon (INCYL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

Hearing Research

|July 10, 2026

Summary

Primary visual cortex (V1) neurons encode auditory prediction errors, challenging its purely visual role. These findings reveal V1

Keywords:

Auditory MMN Prediction error SSA Visual cortex

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Processing
Multisensory Integration

Background:

Primary visual cortex (V1) is traditionally viewed as a visual processing area.
Emerging evidence suggests V1's involvement in multisensory integration.
Predictive coding theory posits cortical circuits generate predictions and signal prediction errors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether V1 encodes auditory prediction errors.
To explore the role of V1 in processing auditory regularities and deviations.

Main Methods:

Neuronal activity and local field potentials (LFP) were recorded from V1 layers IV-VI in urethane-anesthetized rats.
Auditory oddball and no-repetition control sequences were used to elicit responses.
Neuronal responses to standard and deviant auditory stimuli were analyzed.

Main Results:

Neurons in V1 layers V-VI responded to auditory tones, with many showing enhanced responses to deviant stimuli.
These deviant responses were identified as auditory prediction errors, not repetition suppression.
Responses were modulated by temporal uncertainty, with enhanced prediction error signals under random conditions.
Layer V neurons exhibited faster, phasic responses, while layer VI neurons showed broader, sustained responses.

Conclusions:

Infragranular circuits in V1 encode auditory prediction errors and contextual auditory regularities.
V1 functions as a multimodal inference hub within the predictive processing hierarchy.
This challenges the traditional view of V1 as solely a visual processing center.