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Two-dimensional Nb2C MXene thin films for electro-ionic actuation.

Syed Sheraz Ali1, Do Van Lam2, Haleem Ud Din3

  • 1Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia syed.ali.3@kfupm.edu.sa tawfik@kfupm.edu.sa.

RSC Advances
|July 11, 2026
PubMed
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A novel molten salt method synthesizes Nb2CTx MXene without fluoride, creating safer, flexible films. These Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composites show enhanced electromechanical actuation for advanced soft actuators.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Conventional synthesis of Nb2CTx MXene relies on hazardous fluoride-based etching.
  • Developing safer, scalable synthesis routes for MXenes is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize Nb2CTx MXene using a fluoride-free molten salt method.
  • To fabricate flexible Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composite films for electromechanical actuators.
  • To investigate the performance enhancement and underlying mechanisms of these composite actuators.

Main Methods:

  • Lewis acid-assisted molten salt etching using silver chloride to produce Nb2CTx MXene from Nb2AlC MAX phase.
  • Fabrication of flexible composite thin films by incorporating Nb2CTx into a PEDOT:PSS matrix.

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  • Electrochemical characterization (cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge) to assess capacitance.
  • Electromechanical actuation testing under low-amplitude alternating voltage.
  • First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to analyze electronic structure and interfacial properties.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful synthesis of Nb2CTx MXene with preserved morphology and controlled surface terminations via a fluoride-free molten salt process.
    • Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composite films exhibited stable capacitive behavior with a high areal capacitance of 206.62 mF cm-2.
    • The composite actuators demonstrated significantly enhanced electroactive response and bending deformation (up to 10.44 mm) compared to pure PEDOT:PSS films.
    • DFT calculations provided insights into improved charge transport and interfacial characteristics contributing to enhanced performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Molten salt-derived Nb2CTx MXene offers a safer and scalable alternative to fluoride-based synthesis.
    • The Nb2CTx-PEDOT:PSS composites are promising materials for high-performance flexible electromechanical actuators.
    • The synergistic effects between Nb2CTx and PEDOT:PSS, supported by theoretical calculations, enable advanced soft actuator applications.