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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

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Published on: June 9, 2015

Secreted molecules as modulators of somatic embryogenesis efficiency - an overview.

Rita Pires¹, Fátima Milhano Santos², Lénia Rodrigues¹

¹MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|July 11, 2026

Summary

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) plant propagation relies on secreted molecules. This review explores these biomolecules and hypothesizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate communication, enhancing SE efficiency for biotechnology.

Keywords:

cell reprogramming conditioned medium extracellular vesicles gene expression metabolome nurse cell cultures secretome somatic embryogenesis efficiency

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

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Analysis of Cell Differentiation, Morphogenesis, and Patterning During Chicken Embryogenesis Using the Soaked-Bead Assay

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Published on: January 12, 2022

Area of Science:

Plant Biotechnology
Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a key plant propagation method, crucial for genetic engineering and omics research.
SE efficiency is influenced by complex internal and external factors, particularly biomolecules secreted by explants.
Limited research has characterized these secreted molecules and their specific roles in SE.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on molecules secreted during plant somatic embryogenesis.
To investigate the role of secreted proteins and metabolites in SE efficiency.
To explore the potential involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating SE responses.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on somatic embryogenesis and secreted biomolecules.
Analysis of secreted proteins and metabolites identified in SE cultures.
Hypothesis generation regarding the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in SE.

Main Results:

Identified secreted proteins and metabolites as critical factors influencing SE.
Highlighted the lack of comprehensive characterization of these secreted molecules.
Proposed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential mediators of intercellular communication during SE.

Conclusions:

Secreted biomolecules, including proteins and metabolites, significantly impact SE success.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are hypothesized to play a crucial role in coordinating cellular responses during SE.
Further research into these extracellular factors can optimize SE and expand its biotechnological applications.