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Validation Study of the Turkish Version of the Post-Traumatic-Embitterment-Disorder 21-Item Scale
Zeynep Aşik1, Muhteşem Erol Yayla1
1Department of Family Medicine, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkiye.
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
|July 11, 2026
Summary
This study adapted the PTED-21 Scale for Turkish speakers, confirming its validity and reliability for assessing embitterment. The Turkish version is a dependable tool for clinical use in this population.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Psychometrics
Background:
- Embitterment is a significant psychological state.
- A validated instrument is needed to assess embitterment in Turkish-speaking populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To translate and validate the PTED-21 Scale into Turkish.
- To assess the reliability and construct validity of the Turkish PTED-21.
- To determine the prevalence and levels of embitterment in a Turkish sample.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional methodological study with 575 participants.
- Forward-backward translation for cultural adaptation.
- Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for construct validity.
- Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability for internal consistency.
Main Results:
- The Turkish PTED-21 demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.960).
- EFA confirmed a three-factor structure explaining 67.49% of the variance.
- High Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value (0.958) and significant Bartlett's test (p < 0.001) support factor analysis suitability.
Conclusions:
- The Turkish version of the PTED-21 is a valid and reliable instrument.
- This scale can be effectively used for embitterment assessment in Turkish-speaking individuals.
- Clinical application can improve diagnostic accuracy for embitterment in this demographic.
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