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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Two-Photon Polymerization 3D-Printing of Micro-scale Neuronal Cell Culture Devices
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A Facile Fabrication Process for Handmade Fully Polymeric Neural Interfaces.

Angela Braccia1,2,3,4, Ciro Zinno1,2, Alice Giannotti1,2

  • 1The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|July 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a low-cost, cleanroom-free method called CASPER (CAsted and Screen-Printed polymeric ElectRodes) to create soft neural interfaces. This technique enables rapid fabrication of fully polymeric electrodes for bioelectronic medicine applications.

Keywords:
benchtopbioelectronic medicinecuff electrodefully polymericneural interfaces

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

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07:38

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Published on: June 7, 2024

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits
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Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays
08:54

Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays

Published on: October 4, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Bioelectronics

Background:

  • Conventional neural interfaces rely on costly photolithographic micromachining.
  • Existing methods involve thermoplastic insulators and noble-metal conductors, leading to mechanical mismatch with neural tissue.
  • These limitations restrict material choices and long-term device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce CASPER (CAsted and Screen-Printed polymeric ElectRodes), a novel, low-cost, cleanroom-free fabrication strategy for neural interfaces.
  • To develop and evaluate a fully polymeric cuff electrode (CASPER-cuff) for vagus nerve applications.
  • To demonstrate that simplified manufacturing can yield high-performance neural devices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized polymer casting and manual screen printing with reusable molds for electrode fabrication.
  • Integrated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) insulation with metal-free poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductive hydrogel active sites.
  • Developed a CASPER-cuff electrode specifically for the swine cervical vagus nerve.

Main Results:

  • CASPER-cuff demonstrated tissue-compliant mechanical properties (Young's modulus < 1 MPa).
  • Achieved competitive electrochemical performance, with impedance |Z|@1 kHz = 3.58 ± 1.78 kΩ and charge storage capacity cCSC = 74.98 ± 20.27 mC cm⁻².
  • In vivo implantation showed stable nerve coupling and reliable stimulation/recording of evoked compound action potentials.

Conclusions:

  • CASPER offers a rapid, low-cost, and accessible method for fabricating fully polymeric soft neural interfaces.
  • The technology bypasses the need for specialized microfabrication equipment.
  • CASPER enables customizable neural interfaces suitable for bioelectronic medicine.