Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation01:29

Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation

The rate-determining step, or RDS, in a chemical reaction is the slowest step that determines the overall reaction rate. It is identified by using the observed rate law and typically involves approximation methods like the RDS approximation or the steady-state approximation.In the RDS approximation, also known as the rate-limiting-step or equilibrium approximation, the reaction mechanism consists of one or more reversible reactions near equilibrium, followed by a slower RDS, and then one or...
Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them into different...
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Silent Partners in the Mill: Unveiling the Role of Additives in Mechanochemical Synthesis.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Mechanochemistry Enables Rapid and Solvent-Free Wittig Reactions on Sugars.

ChemSusChem·2025
Same author

Correction: Collapse or capture? Guest-induced response of two structurally distinct pillared-MOFs upon exposure to pyridines and quinolines.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2025
Same author

Collapse or capture? Guest-induced response of two structurally distinct pillared-MOFs upon exposure to pyridines and quinolines.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2025
Same author

Light-Mediated Binaphthyl Enhanced [2 + 2] Dearomatization of Heterocycles via an Energy-Transfer Process.

Organic letters·2025
Same author

A Decarbonylative Strategy to Enhance Efficiency and Regioselectivity in Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer.

JACS Au·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Machine learning-assisted development of a fast Mechanochemical Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction.

Francesco Mele1, Ana M Constantin1, Marco Barezzi2

  • 1SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Nature Communications
|July 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a safer, solvent-free Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction using machine learning and mechanochemistry. This sustainable method efficiently synthesizes cyclopropanes and epoxides under mild conditions with a common base (KOH).

More Related Videos

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling
08:24

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Published on: November 11, 2008

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies
12:55

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Published on: November 27, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling
08:24

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

Published on: November 11, 2008

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies
12:55

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

Published on: November 27, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction is vital for synthesizing cyclopropanes and epoxides.
  • Traditional methods using sodium hydride in dimethyl sulfoxide present safety and handling challenges for industrial use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, solvent-free, and safer protocol for the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction.
  • To leverage Machine Learning (ML) and mechanochemistry for optimizing reaction conditions and improving sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Bayesian Optimization and mechanochemistry for reaction development.
  • Employed Machine Learning to identify optimal, sustainable reaction parameters.
  • Investigated reaction mechanisms using Time-Resolved in situ X-ray Powder Diffraction.

Main Results:

  • Developed a novel, solvent-free protocol for the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction.
  • Demonstrated efficient synthesis under mild, air-equilibrated conditions using potassium hydroxide (KOH).
  • Achieved broad applicability, scalability, and functional group tolerance for diverse three-membered heterocycles.

Conclusions:

  • Established a foundation for integrating ML and mechanochemistry in chemical synthesis.
  • Showcased a safer, more sustainable alternative to traditional methods for industrial applications.
  • Highlighted the critical role of active milling in facilitating the transformation.