Music-Based Interventions in Clinical Pharmacy Practice: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms, Evidence, and a Framework...

Music-based interventions (MBIs) have emerged as a promising, nonpharmacologic approach to improving patient care across a variety of clinical settings. This narrative review examines the current evidence describing the mechanistic basis through which music engages biological pathways relevant to clinical pharmacy practice, and the clinical evidence supporting MBIs as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy across clinical outcomes. From this evidence, the review proposes a framework through which MBIs may be integrated into clinical practice that comprises: (1) patient selection, (2) MBI selection, and (3) outcome monitoring. The review does not constitute formal practice guidance, as pharmacy-specific clinical protocols and implementation models remain active areas of research. Additionally, the review synthesizes emerging evidence supporting MBIs as a clinical pharmacy workforce well-being strategy. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential for MBIs to serve as an innovative adjunct to traditional pharmacotherapy that aligns with the clinical pharmacist's existing responsibilities for medication optimization, deprescribing, and holistic, patient-centered care.