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Lewis Acids and Bases

Lewis Acids and Bases

In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...

Lewis Acids and Bases

Lewis Acids and Bases

This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

Leveling Effect

Leveling Effect

In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the solvent...

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Tuning Lewis Acidity in MXene-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts.

Weiqiang Sun¹, Tingting Zhou², Boyu Han²

¹School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 13, 2026

Summary

Surface acidity in MXene-supported single-atom catalysts is crucial for biomass conversion. This study reveals how surface terminations, particularly oxygen (-O), control Lewis acidity and catalyst stability, guiding future catalyst design.

Keywords:

Lewis acidity MXene biomass conversion single-atom catalyst

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Surface acidity is critical for catalytic biomass conversion.
Modulating Lewis acidity in MXene-supported single-atom catalysts is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate how surface terminations and metal identity affect Lewis acidity in MXene single-atom catalysts.
Establish a structure-termination-acidity relationship for MXene catalysts.

Main Methods:

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Evaluation of formation energies for thermodynamic stability.
NH3 adsorption energies as a Lewis acidity descriptor.

Main Results:

Surface terminations significantly modulate Lewis acidity.
-OH termination destabilizes single atoms, while -O termination ensures strong anchoring.
Enhanced acidity results from termination-induced electronic polarization and charge redistribution.

Conclusions:

A clear structure-termination-acidity relationship was established.
Oxygen termination (-O) is key for stable and acidic MXene single-atom catalysts.
Provides theoretical guidance for designing tunable MXene-based catalysts.