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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

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Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors
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Screen-Printed Biochar-Derived Graphene Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes for Nutrient Monitoring in Hydroponic

Gustavo L Milião1, Janan Hui2, Raquel R A Soares1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces sustainable, screen-printed graphene electrodes from biochar for precise plant nutrient sensing. These bioderived sensors offer a scalable, cost-effective alternative for ion-selective electrode manufacturing.

Keywords:
bioderived graphenehydroponic nutrient monitoringpotentiometric sensingscreen printingsolid-contact ion-selective electrodessustainable materials

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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection

Published on: February 1, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Scalable manufacturing of graphene solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) faces challenges with traditional graphite sourcing and complex patterning methods.
  • Existing biomass-derived electrodes often use amorphous carbons, limiting their performance and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable and scalable manufacturing process for graphene-based SC-ISEs using hardwood biochar.
  • To create bioderived graphene SC-ISEs (BioG-SC-ISEs) suitable for high-throughput production.
  • To demonstrate the sensor's capability for selective monitoring of essential plant nutrients.

Main Methods:

  • Graphene was derived from hardwood biochar and formulated into printable inks.
  • High-throughput screen printing was employed to pattern the graphene inks into electrodes.
  • Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based ion-selective membranes with specific ionophores were used to functionalize the electrodes.
  • The performance of the developed sensors was evaluated for six plant nutrients (K+, Na+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3-).

Main Results:

  • Bioderived graphene-like nanosheets were successfully produced from biochar, compatible with scalable printing.
  • The fabricated BioG-SC-ISEs demonstrated near-Nernstian sensitivities and low detection limits for multiple plant nutrients.
  • Potassium (K+) BioG-SC-ISEs accurately tracked potassium depletion in hydroponic solutions, showing high sensitivity and low detection limits.
  • Sensor performance was validated against inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).

Conclusions:

  • A sustainable and scalable manufacturing strategy for SC-ISEs using biochar-derived graphene has been established.
  • The developed BioG-SC-ISEs offer a versatile platform for high-performance, selective ion sensing.
  • This technology has significant implications for hydroponic agriculture, environmental monitoring, and other electrochemical sensing applications.