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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Types of Detectors

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Types of Detectors

The role of the detectors in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is to analyze the solutes as they exit from the chromatographic column. The detector recognizes the solute's property and generates corresponding electrical signals, which are converted into a readable graph of the detector's response versus elution time called a chromatogram at the computer. There are several types of HPLC detectors, each with its own advantages and limitations, depending on the analyte properties and...

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

Published on: February 1, 2016

Tutorial: a beginner's guide to fast neutron detection with an EJ-309 detector.

Sergey Issinski¹, Aref E Vakili¹, Ryan Oldford¹

¹Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Nature Protocols

|July 13, 2026

Summary

This tutorial simplifies neutron diagnostics for broader scientific access. It details using a single liquid scintillation detector to measure fast neutrons from deuterium-deuterium fusion, overcoming common technical hurdles.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space

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Published on: February 1, 2016

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor

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Area of Science:

Nuclear Fusion Research
Particle Detection
Scintillation Detectors

Background:

Neutron diagnostics are crucial for nuclear fusion research.
Current methods are complex and limited to specialists.
Accessible neutron detection is needed for wider research participation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive tutorial on fast neutron detection and quantification.
To demonstrate the use of a single EJ-309 liquid organic scintillation detector.
To make neutron diagnostics more accessible to diverse scientific communities.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a bespoke benchtop reactor for deuterium-deuterium fusion to generate fast neutrons.
Employing a single EJ-309 liquid organic scintillation detector.
Addressing challenges in detector configuration, calibration, characterization, and data processing.

Main Results:

A detailed methodology for detecting and quantifying fast neutrons is presented.
The tutorial covers practical aspects of using liquid scintillation detectors in mixed fields.
Technical challenges in neutron diagnostics are systematically addressed.

Conclusions:

This work simplifies neutron diagnostics, enabling broader scientific engagement.
The tutorial empowers researchers to implement neutron detection techniques.
It facilitates advancements in nuclear fusion research through accessible diagnostics.