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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Interleukin-Mediated Macrophage Polarization in Allergic Rhinitis Inflammation: A Systematic Review.

Haihuan Luan¹, Shouwei Gao², Yuanyuan Ma³

¹Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Inflammation Research

|July 14, 2026

Summary

Interleukins (ILs) dysregulate macrophage polarization in allergic rhinitis (AR). Targeting IL-driven pathways offers precision therapies to restore immune balance and alleviate AR symptoms.

Keywords:

NLRP3 allergic rhinitis inflammation interleukin macrophage

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Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Published on: June 23, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Published on: June 23, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Allergic rhinitis (AR) involves complex interleukin (IL) network dysregulation.
Imbalanced macrophage polarization is a key feature of AR inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the molecular mechanisms of ILs in regulating macrophage polarization in AR.
To summarize how ILs influence macrophage phenotypic switching during AR.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of PubMed and Embase databases (Jan 2010 - Jan 2026).
Keywords: interleukin, IL, allergic rhinitis, AR, macrophages, inflammation.
Inclusion of 223 peer-reviewed human/animal studies.

Main Results:

Pro-inflammatory ILs (IL-4/IL-13, IL-1β/IL-6/IL-17A) drive M1/M2a polarization via STAT6, NF-κB, NLRP3 pathways, worsening inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory ILs (IL-10, IL-27) promote M2c polarization and immune restoration via STAT3/STAT1.
Targeted interventions (dupilumab, MCC950, chlorogenic acid) reverse polarization imbalance and improve AR symptoms.
AR patients exhibit disrupted IL ratios, M1/M2 imbalance, and impaired nasal barriers.

Conclusions:

IL-mediated macrophage polarization is central to AR pathogenesis.
Targeting these IL-macrophage regulatory pathways presents promising precision therapeutic strategies for AR.