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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells
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Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells

Published on: October 15, 2017

Acute Retinal Necrosis versus Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis.

Kisha Kalra1, Piero Carletti1, Raquel Goldhardt1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Current Ophthalmology Reports
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) and Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) are spectrums of herpetic viral retinopathies influenced by immune status. Differentiating these conditions is key for effective diagnosis and treatment to preserve vision.

Keywords:
Acute retinal necrosisCombined antiviral therapyHerpetic viral retinopathyImmuno compromised hostProgressive outer retinal necrosisVaricella zoster virusViral retinopathies

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Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells
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Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) and Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) are severe herpetic viral retinopathies.
  • Host immune status significantly influences the clinical presentation and progression of these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively compare ARN and PORN, highlighting the role of immune status.
  • To delineate differences in presentation, diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on herpetic viral retinopathies.
  • Emphasis on ultra-widefield imaging for lesion detection.
  • Discussion of PCR for rapid etiologic confirmation.

Main Results:

  • ARN and PORN may represent a disease spectrum modulated by immune status.
  • ARN treatment involves oral antivirals and intravitreal injections for lesion regression.
  • PORN requires intensive combined intravitreal and systemic therapy, with guarded visual prognosis in immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt differentiation based on clinical signs and immune status is crucial for guiding therapy.
  • ARN responds to systemic agents but has detachment risks; PORN progresses rapidly with poorer outcomes.
  • Early diagnosis, coordinated management, and surveillance are critical for optimizing antiviral and anti-inflammatory strategies.