Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparison of 5-year survival rates and prognostic factors between adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: a SEER database analysis.

Translational cancer research·2026

Same author

Central compartment atopic disease: Advances in pathogenesis and stratified treatment.

The Journal of international medical research·2026

Same author

Causal Association Between Gut Microbiota and Sleep Apnoea Identified by Bayesian Weighted Mendelian Randomisation.

Journal of cellular and molecular medicine·2026

Same author

Bidirectional risk association between adenoid hypertrophy and laryngopharyngeal reflux: A systematic meta-analysis.

Medicine·2025

Same author

The precision study of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral density and body composition measurements in female cynomolgus monkeys.

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery·2022

Same author

The Effects of Geometry Size and Initial Microstructure on Deformation Behavior of Electrically-Assisted Micro-Compression in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Loop Gain in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: From Physiological Endotype to Clinical Translation.

Chaofan Li^1,2, Chaohua Wang^1,2, Ying Zhang¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, People's Republic of China.

Nature and Science of Sleep

|July 14, 2026

Summary

Loop gain is a key physiological metric for understanding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) variability. It can guide treatment decisions, improving clinical outcomes for OSA patients.

Keywords:

endotyping loop gain obstructive sleep apnea polysomnography precision medicine ventilatory control

More Related Videos

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Published on: October 18, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

Sleep Medicine
Respiratory Physiology
Clinical Translation

Background:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) exhibits significant inter-patient variability in disease expression and treatment response.
Loop gain, a physiological metric, helps explain these differences despite similar apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values.

Purpose of the Study:

To define how loop gain can transition from a physiological endotype to a clinically actionable metric in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Main Methods:

A clinical translational narrative review of literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase.
Focus on adult OSA studies concerning loop gain physiology, assessment, treatment stratification, and clinical implementation.

Main Results:

Loop gain explains differential OSA disease expression and treatment responses.
Research-grade perturbation methods are the gold standard; raw polysomnography (PSG) modeling is practical for clinical use.
Simplified screening tools and automated approaches may increase access if interpreted contextually.

Conclusions:

Loop gain is most valuable as a decision-support metric, not an isolated number.
Staged implementation, method-specific reporting, and outcome studies are crucial for LG-guided OSA stratification.