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Related Concept Videos

Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine enhance brain activity, leading to increased alertness, attention, and energy. These drugs typically raise heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. While they can induce feelings of euphoria, their misuse can result in severe health...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
11:14

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Published on: October 2, 2016

Kratom Brands in Vape Shops Across the US.

Cassidy R LoParco, Kayla K Tillett, Carla J Berg

    Health Behavior Research
    |July 14, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Kratom products are widely sold across the US, with major brands appearing in multiple states. This widespread interstate presence suggests potential violations of federal law, highlighting the need for stronger kratom regulation and enforcement.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology and Toxicology
    • Regulatory Science
    • Consumer Product Analysis

    Background:

    • Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is increasingly available despite potential health risks and federal illegality of interstate commerce.
    • Understanding the scope of kratom's distribution is crucial for assessing regulatory compliance and public health impact.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the extent of kratom brand distribution across US states and territories.
    • To identify major kratom brands sold in vape shops nationwide.
    • To assess potential violations of federal laws regarding interstate commerce of kratom.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Google Maps to identify vape shops in all 50 US states, DC, and Puerto Rico.
    • Contacted 661 vape shops (78.7% contact rate) between November-December 2023 to gather sales data.
    Keywords:
    Kratombrandmarketingpolicy

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  • Collected brand information from 153 shops that sold kratom (41.1% of kratom-selling shops).

    • Main Results:

    • Kratom was sold in 71.5% of surveyed vape shops (372/520).
    • OPMS, Remarkable Herb, and MIT 45 were the most prevalent brands, found in 42, 30, and 31 states/territories, respectively.
    • Significant interstate presence of kratom brands was documented, indicating widespread distribution.

    Conclusions:

    • The extensive interstate distribution of kratom brands suggests probable violations of federal regulations.
    • Findings underscore the necessity for enhanced regulatory oversight and enforcement concerning kratom sales.
    • Further research is needed to fully comprehend the scale of kratom commerce and its implications.