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Related Concept Videos

Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Revealing Local Coordination-Modulated Oxygen Evolution Reactivity in High-Entropy Layered Double Hydroxides.

Sang Heon Han1, Jihoon Kim1, Eunchong Lee1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

High-entropy layered double hydroxides (HE-LDHs) exhibit enhanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance and stability. Precise composition control, particularly Zn coordination, optimizes catalytic activity for industrial applications.

Keywords:
density functional theoryelectrocatalysishigh‐entropy materialslattice oxygen‐mediated mechanismlayered double hydroxidesoxygen evolution reactiontetrahedral coordination

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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
08:45

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

Published on: July 1, 2013

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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides
08:45

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

Published on: July 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
  • Sluggish kinetics and structural instability limit their industrial application.
  • High-entropy materials offer tunable properties for catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high-entropy NiCoZnFeCr-LDHs (HE-LDHs) for improved OER performance.
  • To investigate the effect of Fe:Cr ratio and Zn coordination on catalytic activity.
  • To elucidate the structure-activity relationships in multicomponent OER catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of high-entropy NiCoZnFeCr-LDHs with controlled Fe:Cr ratios.
  • Electrochemical characterization of OER performance (overpotential, Tafel slope, durability).
  • Operando spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to analyze structural and electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • NiCoZnFe0.8Cr0.2-LDH demonstrated superior OER performance (199 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻²).
  • Exceptional durability was observed at 1 A cm⁻² for over 1200 hours.
  • Operando spectroscopy revealed Ni reconstruction and a significant shift in Zn coordination to tetrahedral.
  • DFT calculations confirmed that tetrahedral Zn facilitates the lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM) by lowering energy barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Precisely controlled high-entropy composition in LDHs significantly enhances OER activity and stability.
  • Tetrahedral Zn coordination plays a crucial role in optimizing the OER mechanism via LOM.
  • This study provides fundamental insights into designing advanced OER electrocatalysts.