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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Using Solution NMR to Characterize Biomolecular Condensates Under Biphasic Conditions
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Published on: April 17, 2026

Programmable Multiphasic Condensates Formed via Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation of Minimal Peptide Model.

Rohit Kumar1, Sukantha Dey1, Priyanshu Rajput2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, India.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a peptide model for creating biomolecular condensates with tunable structures. These self-assembling materials act as protective carriers and nano-bioreactors for advanced applications.

Keywords:
biomineralizationcore–shell structurefunctional condensateguest encapsulationliquid–liquid phase separationprotocellself‐assembly

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomolecular self-assembly
  • Materials science
  • Synthetic biology

Background:

  • Biomolecular self-assembly creates ordered and disordered structures vital for biological functions.
  • Protein and peptide condensates, formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), are crucial in physiology and have potential in drug delivery and biosensing.
  • Existing peptide materials lack the disordered features of natural systems, limiting flexibility and adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a minimalistic peptide sticker-and-spacer model for designing biomolecular condensates.
  • To establish guidelines for programming condensate architecture, from homogeneous to multiphasic states.
  • To demonstrate control over compartmentalization and functionality for applications like drug delivery and biosensing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a peptide sticker-and-spacer model for phase separation and spontaneous evaporation.
  • Engineered condensate architecture by selecting sticker and spacer components.
  • Investigated compartmentalization via redox chemistry and post-assembly modification.

Main Results:

  • Developed a peptide model that forms core-shell biomolecular condensates.
  • Demonstrated programmable control over condensate architecture (homogeneous to multiphasic).
  • Created functional nano-bioreactors from solidified condensates for biomineralization and nanohybrid formation.

Conclusions:

  • The peptide model provides a framework for artificial protocell-mimetic multicompartmental condensates.
  • Condensates efficiently encapsulate payloads and act as microreactors.
  • The study enables on-demand functionality in engineered self-assembling systems.