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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

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Published on: September 27, 2024

Early Cardiometabolic Vulnerability in Rural Adults: An Exploratory Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Christopher M Smith¹, Carolyn E Horne, Jeanette M Bennett

¹Christopher M. Smith, PhD, MSN, RN, GCQM, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Carolyn E. Horne, PhD, MSN, RN, FAHA, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Jeanette M. Bennett, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Brittany Butts, PhD, RN, FAHA, Assistant Professor, School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

|July 14, 2026

Summary

Sleep problems and depressive symptoms are linked to higher blood pressure and metabolic issues in rural adults. Younger adults show particularly high untreated blood pressure, suggesting early cardiometabolic vulnerability.

Keywords:

blood pressure depression hypertension metabolism rural health sleep quality

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

Pulse-Wave Velocity, Flow-Mediated Dilation, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness to Assess Cardiovascular Risk in Population with Metabolic Syndrome

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Health
Metabolic Syndrome
Sleep Science
Rural Health Disparities

Background:

Cardiometabolic disease risk is elevated in rural U.S. communities, influenced by intersecting behavioral and metabolic factors.
The interplay between sleep, psychological distress, and blood pressure variability is understudied in rural populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of sleep, depressive symptoms, and metabolic indicators on blood pressure outcomes in rural adults.
To explore associations between sleep, psychological distress, and cardiometabolic markers in a rural cohort.

Main Methods:

Exploratory descriptive cross-sectional study design.
Data collected via surveys and clinical measurements from 68 rural participants.
Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and hierarchical regression.

Main Results:

Sleep and age were positively associated with blood glucose; depressive symptoms were inversely associated with blood glucose and body mass index.
Depressive symptoms and sleep dysfunction correlated with elevated blood pressure, though sleep effects were sometimes attenuated.
Youngest nonmedicated adults (29-33 years) exhibited significantly higher mean arterial pressure, indicating early cardiometabolic vulnerability.

Conclusions:

Sleep impairment and depressive symptoms are associated with blood pressure dysregulation and metabolic inflexibility in rural adults.
Findings suggest cardiometabolic vulnerability may emerge earlier in rural populations than previously recognized.
Results underscore the need for early detection and biobehavioral interventions targeting younger rural populations.