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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the goblet,...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

CD4+ T cells persist with their Eomes.

Abishek Vaidya1, Alice O Kamphorst2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, ISMMS, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ISMMS, New York, NY, USA.

Immunity
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Stem-like CD4+ T cells are crucial for sustained immune responses. Eomesodermin (EOMES) is identified as a key regulator essential for maintaining and differentiating these vital immune cells.

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In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
09:48

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Stem-like CD4+ T cells, analogous to CD8+ T cells, play a critical role in adaptive immunity.
  • These cells are essential for mounting and sustaining responses against chronic infections, tumors, and inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key regulators involved in the maintenance and differentiation of stem-like CD4+ T cells.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the function of these important immune cells.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved in vivo and in vitro experiments using mouse models and primary cell cultures.
  • Techniques may include flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, and functional assays to assess T cell populations and their functions.

Main Results:

  • Wen et al. and Agesta et al. independently identified Eomesodermin (EOMES) as a critical factor.
  • EOMES was shown to be indispensable for the maintenance of the stem-like phenotype in CD4+ T cells.
  • The research demonstrated EOMES's role in regulating the differentiation pathways of these cells.

Conclusions:

  • EOMES is a pivotal transcription factor for the biology of stem-like CD4+ T cells.
  • Understanding EOMES's function provides new insights into immune memory and T cell responses in chronic diseases and cancer immunotherapy.