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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Delayed immune responses and heterogeneous exposure shape within-host viral dynamics.

Abdelkarim Lamghari1, Aissam Jebrane2

  • 1LAMAI, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Department of Mathematics, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40140, Morocco.

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|July 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that immune sensitivity and exposure patterns, not just immune capacity, dictate viral dynamics. Ultrasensitive immunity increases early viral load, while adaptive exposure reduces long-term persistence.

Keywords:
Hopf bifurcationdelay differential equationsexternal forcingimmune delayithin-host viral dynamicsnonlinear immune response

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Area of Science:

  • Mathematical Biology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Understanding within-host viral dynamics is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies.
  • Immune responses and pathogen exposure patterns significantly influence viral load and disease progression.
  • Delayed feedback mechanisms in biological systems can lead to complex and counterintuitive dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and analyze a delayed within-host viral dynamics model incorporating nonlinear immune responses and heterogeneous exposure.
  • To investigate the impact of different immune response architectures and exposure profiles on viral dynamics.
  • To identify key factors governing viral persistence and clearance efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • A delayed within-host viral dynamics model with logistic viral replication and immune-mediated clearance was formulated.
  • A 4x4 factorial framework coupled four immune response types with four exposure profiles, creating sixteen scenarios.
  • Theoretical analysis (positivity, boundedness, bifurcations) and extensive numerical simulations were performed.

Main Results:

  • Immune sensitivity and exposure intermittence, rather than maximal clearance capacity, determined viral dynamics hierarchies.
  • Ultrasensitive immune responses amplified early viral overshoots and cumulative burden.
  • Impulsive or adaptive exposure profiles reduced viral persistence and accelerated decay.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed immune feedback systems exhibit complex dynamics influenced by immune sensitivity and exposure patterns.
  • Trade-offs exist between early viral control and long-term viral persistence.
  • Model findings offer insights into optimizing therapeutic strategies by considering immune response characteristics and exposure timing.