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Microfluidic-enabled stretchable thermoelectric device array for multimodal haptic interfaces.

Dong Cheng^1,2, Zhenlong Huang^3,4,5, Tao Chen¹

¹School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering

|July 14, 2026

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Summary

This study presents a novel 3D manufacturing method for stretchable thermoelectric device arrays (TEDAs) with microfluidics, significantly improving cooling performance for advanced haptic interfaces. This enables precise skin temperature control for rich tactile sensations.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology

Background:

Stretchable thermoelectric devices are promising for haptic interfaces but limited by poor thermal dissipation and low cooling capacity.
Single stimulus units cannot generate complex, multimodal haptic perceptions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a high-performance stretchable thermoelectric device array (TEDA) with enhanced thermal dissipation for advanced haptic applications.
To create a wearable closed-loop platform for precise skin temperature regulation.
To explore multimodal tactile sensation generation through controlled temperature modulation.

Main Methods:

A 3D manufacturing strategy incorporating microfluidic architectures was employed to create the TEDA.
The TEDA was integrated with sensors and control circuitry for a closed-loop wearable platform.

Keywords:

Haptic interfaces Microfluidic Stretchable thermoelectric devices Thermal grill illusion Thermal management

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Diverse temperature modulation strategies were tested to stimulate neural networks and elicit tactile sensations.

Main Results:

The microfluidic-embedded TEDA demonstrated significantly enhanced thermal flux and superior cooling performance compared to conventional designs.
The wearable platform achieved rapid and precise skin temperature regulation.
Varied temperature modulation successfully elicited multimodal tactile sensations, including pressure, pain, and sliding.

Conclusions:

The developed 3D manufacturing approach provides an effective route for high-performance wearable thermoelectric devices.
This work advances the understanding of sensory illusion regulation for next-generation haptic interfaces.
The findings pave the way for sophisticated thermal haptic feedback systems.