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Bioreactor Technology for Medicinal Plant In Vitro Cultures: Systems, Applications, and Future Perspectives.

Shuang Zhang^1,2, Meibing Ma³, Ying Liu^1,2

¹Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Bioreactor technology offers a controlled environment for cultivating medicinal plants, enhancing active ingredient production and traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing. However, challenges like scale-up stability and costs limit widespread industrial adoption.

Keywords:

bioreactor in vitro culture industrialization medicinal plants secondary metabolites

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Area of Science:

Plant Biotechnology
Bioprocess Engineering
Pharmacognosy

Background:

Medicinal plant cultivation faces challenges in resource conservation and consistent active ingredient production.
In vitro culture systems offer potential but require optimized cultivation platforms.
Bioreactors provide a controlled environment for plant cell and tissue culture.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the application of various bioreactor types in medicinal plant in vitro culture.
To provide a comprehensive analysis of bioreactor performance based on physiological characteristics, mass transfer, and culture parameters.
To identify limitations and future directions for the industrialization of bioreactor technology in medicinal plant production.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of literature on bioreactor applications in medicinal plant culture.
Analysis of different bioreactor types (stirred-tank, airlift, bubble column, wave-mixed, spray-type, temporary immersion, photobioreactors).
Evaluation of culture systems including suspension cells, adventitious roots, hairy roots, shoots, and somatic embryos.

Main Results:

Bioreactors significantly shorten production cycles and improve environmental control for medicinal plants.
Enhanced product quality consistency and potential for green manufacturing of traditional Chinese medicine were observed.
Various bioreactor types show promise for different plant materials and culture objectives.

Conclusions:

Bioreactor technology is a viable platform for medicinal plant conservation and high-value active ingredient production.
Large-scale application is hindered by scale-up stability, metabolic variability, downstream costs, and GMP compliance.
Future research must focus on integrated, scalable, verifiable, cost-effective, and quality-controlled process development for industrialization.