From Persuasion to Partnership: Evaluating the Practicalities, Ethics, and Evidence for Implementing Motivational...

Veterinary medicine fundamentally revolves around working with people to positively influence how they care for their animals. Veterinarians have traditionally used directive advice-giving when providing clients with recommendations, which can inadvertently push clients further away from change despite good intentions by evoking resistance and leaving the underlying motivational and contextual barriers to change unaddressed. Motivational interviewing (MI), a collaborative communication approach originally developed for addiction counselling, has been widely adapted across many fields because of its proven effectiveness in strengthening intrinsic motivation to change. MI was first applied in veterinary medicine approximately a decade ago with a small but growing evidence base. This review introduces the theoretical foundations of MI, how it can be applied within different types of clinical consultations, as well as the challenges of developing and sustaining competency in practice and ethical implications specific to the veterinarian-client-animal relationship, including the proxy motivation problem where clients bear the costs of behaviour change for benefits experienced primarily by their animal. This review then critically appraises the veterinary MI literature, which has largely focused on communication training outcomes with limited research on the downstream effects on client behaviour or animal welfare, highlighting important research gaps to promote an increased uptake of MI in clinical practice.