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Related Concept Videos

Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
Electromagnetic Fields01:31

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
However, the observation of Gauss's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
08:20

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Covert Sensing and Communication with Vulnerable Region Control in Near-Field ISAC Systems.

Ranhui Xu1, Xiaopeng Ji1

  • 1School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a secure framework for 6G wireless networks using large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs). It ensures sensing accuracy and quality-of-service while maintaining user covertness in the near-field communication environment.

Keywords:
covert communicationintegrated sensing and communications (ISAC)near-field communicationvulnerable region

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
08:20

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Published on: November 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communications
  • Signal Processing
  • Network Security

Background:

  • Sixth-generation (6G) networks utilize large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs) extending wireless communications into the near-field regime.
  • This enables integrated sensing and communications but introduces significant security challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a framework for secure near-field transmission and sensing accuracy in 6G networks.
  • To jointly minimize the Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB), guarantee quality-of-service (QoS) for ordinary users, and ensure primary user covertness.
  • To address security requirements through an explicit vulnerable-region constraint.

Main Methods:

  • An iterative approach is employed to solve the non-convex optimization problem.
  • Techniques include semidefinite relaxation (SDR), alternating optimization (AO), and successive convex approximation (SCA).

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework demonstrates effective sensing performance in the near-field.
  • Numerical results confirm quality-of-service (QoS) satisfaction for ordinary users.
  • Accurate control over the vulnerable region is achieved, enhancing security and covertness.

Conclusions:

  • The framework successfully balances sensing accuracy, QoS, and security in 6G near-field communications.
  • The integration of SDR, AO, and SCA provides a viable solution for complex optimization problems in this domain.