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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

High-Throughput Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence and Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Using a Photonic Chip
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On-Chip Mid-Infrared Wavefront Sensing Based on Vectorial Photocurrent Manipulation.

Tao Ye1,2, Xiaofei He1,2, Jun Ning1,2

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We introduce a novel mid-infrared wavefront sensing chip using graphene pixels. This device enables high-density wavefront measurement and complex light field imaging without traditional lenses.

Keywords:
graphenemid-infraredon-chip integrationphase imagingphoto-thermoelectric effectwavefront sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Wavefront sensing (WFS) is crucial for adaptive optics, microscopy, and optical communications.
  • Conventional WFS methods face limitations in spatial sampling, dynamic range, compactness, and mid-infrared applicability.
  • Existing techniques like Shack-Hartmann sensors and interferometers have inherent trade-offs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze an on-chip mid-infrared wavefront sensing scheme.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional wavefront sensing techniques.
  • To enable high-density wavefront measurement and complex light field imaging in the mid-infrared.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing vectorial photocurrent manipulation in antenna-integrated graphene pixels.
  • Employing a hexagonal pixel array with microlenses for high spatial sampling.
  • Analyzing device properties via finite-element simulations and Southwell algorithm-based reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated unambiguous recovery of incident light angles (elevation and azimuth) over a ±28° dynamic range.
  • Achieved high spatial sampling density (11,547 mm⁻²).
  • Successfully reconstructed various wavefront types (parabolic, conical, quadrangular pyramidal) and enabled high-fidelity phase/intensity imaging.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed on-chip scheme offers a new pathway for high-density wavefront measurement in the mid-infrared.
  • Vectorial photocurrent manipulation provides a lens-free approach for complex light field imaging.
  • This technology has potential applications in adaptive optics, microscopy, and free-space communications.