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Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the atmosphere, the...

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Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation
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A Systematic Review of Soil Properties to Support Mycotoxin Model Development with In-Field Soil Sensing.

Eleonora Granata1,2, Marco Camardo Leggieri1,2, Daniele Trinchero2,3

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Soil properties significantly impact mycotoxin prediction in crops like peanut, wheat, and maize. Integrating in-field soil sensors is crucial for accurate, real-time environmental monitoring and improved predictive models.

Keywords:
IOTaspergilluscropelectrical conductivityfungal communityfusariumpHsmart agriculturetemperaturewater content

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Mycotoxin prediction traditionally uses meteorological and crop data.
  • The role of soil properties in mycotoxin development is under-explored.
  • Fungal pathogens like Aspergillus and Fusarium are key concerns in major crops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent literature (2020-2025) on soil properties, fungal communities, and mycotoxin occurrence.
  • To analyze the use of in-field soil sensors for monitoring and prediction.
  • To identify gaps in current research and methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of studies correlating soil properties (temperature, moisture, pH, EC) with fungal presence and mycotoxins.
  • Analysis of measurement methodologies, focusing on in-field sensors versus laboratory equipment.
  • Review of predictive models incorporating soil characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Stressful soil conditions (e.g., pH extremes, drought, temperatures >25°C) correlate with increased disease incidence and mycotoxin occurrence.
  • Laboratory methods dominate correlation studies; in-field sensor use is limited.
  • While soil properties improve predictive models, they often rely on satellite data, not real-time sensor inputs.

Conclusions:

  • Soil properties are critical, yet underutilized, factors in mycotoxin prediction.
  • In-field soil sensors and IoT technologies are essential for capturing real-time data needed for advanced predictive models.
  • Further research and groundwork are required to generate high-quality soil data for in-field experimentation.