Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Degradation, Fouling and Mechanical Damage in...

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful, non-destructive tool for evaluating ion-selective electrode (ISE) membrane condition. This work investigated EIS for identifying degradation mechanisms in all-solid-state Pb²⁺-selective electrodes. Graphene-containing PVC membranes deposited on glassy carbon electrodes were exposed to synthetic urine, river water, and seawater (24 h and 1 week) and to mechanical damage (cutting, needle puncture, or both). Degradation was assessed using EIS, potentiometric measurements, contact-angle analysis, profilometry, and SEM. River water and urine exposure decreased hydrophobicity, increased roughness, and produced fouling deposits. Seawater caused only minor morphological and wettability changes, though impedance data showed increased membrane hydration due to high ionic strength. Mechanical damage substantially disrupted membrane integrity, causing pronounced impedance changes, increased potential drift, and reduced analytical performance. Fouling and mechanical damage produced distinct electrochemical signatures: fouling mainly affected surface properties, while mechanical damage altered the membrane-transducer interface, increasing capacitance and reducing resistance. Notably, needle-punctured electrodes retained a near-Nernstian response despite clear impedance changes and reduced long-term stability, showing that EIS detects defects invisible to conventional calibration. These results confirm EIS as a sensitive method for distinguishing fouling from physical damage, useful for early degradation detection and lifetime monitoring of all-solid-state ISEs.