Divergent Evolution of Volatile Compounds in Wild Ginseng Across Growth Years: Terpene Accumulation and Overall...

The volatile compounds (VOCs) evolution of wild ginseng (WG) across growth years is not a unidirectional process but a divergent remodeling of the chemical fingerprint. In this study, HS-GC-IMS combined with chemometrics was employed to characterize the dynamic changes in VOCs in WG at four growth stages (10, 15, 20, and 25 years). Samples were collected from three independent sites, with ≥5 roots pooled per site per age group to obtain population-representative composite samples. A total of 68 VOCs were tentatively identified and semi-quantified. Terpenes and pyrazines exhibited the most pronounced directional trends: terpenes such as camphene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and β-ionone accumulated progressively (increases of 242%, 74.6%, and 93.4%, respectively), whereas pyrazines showed an overall decline through distinct trajectories-2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine declined monotonically (57.3%), 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine decreased moderately (27.7%), and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine exhibited a transient peak at 20 years before a sharp terminal decline (52.3%). In contrast, the majority of compounds (66%) displayed non-monotonic patterns, underscoring the complexity of this divergent evolution. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively distinguished samples across growth years (R²Y = 0.997, Q² = 0.993), with a 200-times permutation test confirming no overfitting. 29 differential compounds (VIP > 1) were identified. The divergent accumulation patterns of terpenes and pyrazines, together with 29 VIP-identified differential compounds, provide chemical evidence that the VOCs fingerprint could serve as a supplementary tool for growth-year assessment. These findings provide chemical evidence that WG flavor quality evolves divergently over time, suggesting that VOCs fingerprint could serve as a supplementary tool for growth-year assessment, particularly for "high-quality but poor-shape" specimens that are undervalued by traditional morphology-based methods.