Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Biodegradable Self-Powered Electrotherapy Patch for Integrated Smart Wound Management.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Unveiling Activation Process of C═N Cathode for High-Performing Zinc-Organic Batteries.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

A sensitive UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of MDA/4-HHE/4-HNE in edible oils and nuts was developed by derivatization optimization and SPE purification.

Food chemistry·2026
Same author

Tailoring the Cu Local Microenvironment to Create Formate Conversion-Desorption Equilibrium for Industrial Level Formaldehyde Electrooxidation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Wearable Self-Powered Biomedical Smart Sensors Deriving from E-Waste.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

An efficient woody plant protoplast platform enables transgene-free multiplex genome editing and rapid trait validation in pear.

Journal of experimental botany·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

The Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata: From Zygotes to Stable Mutant Lines
10:08

The Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata: From Zygotes to Stable Mutant Lines

Published on: December 23, 2025

Pan-Genome and Transcriptome-Guided Analysis Reveals Duplication-Driven Evolution and Candidate MYB-bHLH Modules

Guoming Wang1, Nan Zhu2, Xun Sun2

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the evolutionary expansion of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes in pear genomes, identifying key fruit development regulators. It provides a framework for understanding bHLH gene diversification and function in pears.

Keywords:
MYBbHLHfruit developmentpan-genomepear

More Related Videos

Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
10:55

Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

Published on: March 16, 2014

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples
07:24

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Published on: August 31, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

The Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata: From Zygotes to Stable Mutant Lines
10:08

The Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata: From Zygotes to Stable Mutant Lines

Published on: December 23, 2025

Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
10:55

Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

Published on: March 16, 2014

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples
07:24

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Published on: August 31, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Gene duplication and selection drive genome evolution and transcription factor diversification.
  • The evolutionary history and diversification of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family in pear, especially from a pan-genome perspective, remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive pan-genome and transcriptome-guided analysis of the bHLH gene family in pear.
  • To elucidate the evolutionary patterns, duplication events, and functional conservation/divergence of bHLH genes in pear.
  • To identify candidate bHLH genes and regulatory modules involved in pear fruit development.

Main Methods:

  • Performed a pan-genome analysis across 15 pear genome assemblies.
  • Classified genome-wide duplicated gene pairs and calculated evolutionary parameters (Ka, Ks, Ka/Ks).
  • Identified and grouped 3222 bHLH genes into evolutionary clades and orthologous groups.
  • Integrated transcriptome data from 17 tissues and fruit development stages.
  • Conducted co-expression analysis with PbrMYB genes to identify regulatory modules.

Main Results:

  • Identified 3222 bHLH genes in pear, revealing both conserved core and variable dispensable members.
  • Whole Genome Duplication (WGD)/segmental duplication significantly contributed to bHLH gene expansion.
  • Most duplicated PbrbHLH gene pairs are under purifying selection, indicating functional constraint.
  • Selected 39 fruit-development-associated PbrbHLHs and identified candidate MYB-bHLH co-expression modules.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides an evolutionary framework for bHLH gene diversification in pear.
  • Identified conserved and variable bHLH members, highlighting functional conservation and genome diversification.
  • Discovered candidate regulatory modules involving MYB and bHLH transcription factors crucial for pear fruit development.