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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.Plants and Hypotonic EnvironmentsUnlike animal cells,...

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Meristems and Plant Growth

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

Published on: October 5, 2016

Ionome Dynamics in Grapevine Leaves.

Jozef Kováčik¹, Marek Vydra², Lenka Husáková³

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Grapevine leaf elemental composition is primarily driven by phenological stage, with seasonal changes affecting nutrient levels. Cultivar and origin also influence ionome, but toxic element accumulation is generally low.

Keywords:

heavy metals mineral nutrition ontogenesis soil pollution vineyard

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

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Published on: October 5, 2016

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Published on: October 12, 2015

Reconstructing Terrestrial Paleoclimate and Paleoecology with Fossil Leaves Using Digital Leaf Physiognomy and Leaf Mass Per Area

Reconstructing Terrestrial Paleoclimate and Paleoecology with Fossil Leaves Using Digital Leaf Physiognomy and Leaf Mass Per Area

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

Plant Science
Agricultural Science
Environmental Science

Background:

Global patterns of essential and non-essential element accumulation in grapevine leaves are not fully understood.
Existing literature lacks comprehensive analysis of factors influencing grapevine leaf ionome composition.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the primary drivers of grapevine leaf ionome composition.
To compare literature data with authentic elemental analyses in different grapevine cultivars and leaf ages.

Main Methods:

Conducted a literature survey of 148 studies following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
Performed authentic elemental analyses on young and mature leaves of Rhein Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon.
Utilized correlation and multivariate analyses to determine factors influencing elemental composition.

Main Results:

Leaf phenological stage was the dominant factor influencing elemental composition, followed by cultivar.
Seasonal development showed opposite trends for Ca/Mg versus K/P.
Geographic origin and berry color impacted Ca, P, Mn, Cu, and Fe concentrations.
Potentially toxic elements were found at lower concentrations than reported in literature; mature leaves accumulated more non-essential elements.

Conclusions:

Phenological stage is the key determinant of grapevine leaf ionomic composition.
Cultivar-specific effects are a secondary but significant source of variation.
Mg-, Fe-, Zn-, and Cu-related processes may play a role in regulating toxic element accumulation.