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Related Concept Videos

Eccentric Loading01:16

Eccentric Loading

Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under load.
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Interval eccentric cycling : a promising training modality for sedentary people.

Benoît Vandenbroeck1, Jean-François Kaux2,3, Florence Schleich2,4

  • 1Department of Physical Activity and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium. benoit.vandenbroeck@uliege.be.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Eccentric training (ET) improves muscle function in older adults with lower exertion than concentric training. Eccentric high-intensity interval training (EI) shows promise for rehabilitation but has limited aerobic benefits.

Keywords:
Eccentric cyclingEccentric rehabilitationFunctional capacityHIITOlder peopleSedentary behaviour

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Short Session High Intensity Interval Training and Treadmill Assessment in Aged Mice
09:19

Short Session High Intensity Interval Training and Treadmill Assessment in Aged Mice

Published on: February 2, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Gerontology
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Older adults experience deconditioning, necessitating effective training methods.
  • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) offers functional benefits but is metabolically demanding.
  • Eccentric training (ET) emerges as an efficient alternative, developing high forces with low metabolic cost.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of eccentric HIIT (EI), concentric HIIT (CI), and eccentric continuous (EC) cycling training in sedentary older adults.
  • To evaluate functional improvements, including maximal isometric torque and aerobic capacity.
  • To assess physiological responses like heart rate and perceived exertion during training.

Main Methods:

  • 43 sedentary older adults (mean age 61) participated in a 12-week program, training twice weekly.
  • Intervention groups included EI (120-135% MAP), CI (80-90% MAP), and EC (80-90% MAP).
  • Evaluations included VO2 max, maximal aerobic power, quadriceps maximal isometric torque, and functional tests; RPE, HR, and muscle soreness were monitored.

Main Results:

  • EI and EC demonstrated lower heart rate and RPE compared to CI, with no reported muscle soreness.
  • All training types improved quadriceps maximal isometric torque and functional tests (6-minute walk, 10-times sit-to-stand).
  • Only CI significantly improved maximal aerobic power and VO2 max, indicating superior aerobic adaptations.

Conclusions:

  • Eccentric training (ET) is safe for rehabilitation, enhancing muscular function and exercise capacity in individuals intolerant to conventional concentric exercise.
  • Eccentric high-intensity interval training (EI) is a promising preventive and rehabilitative strategy.
  • While ET improves muscular and functional parameters, its impact on aerobic capacity is limited compared to concentric training.