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Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
Two-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology01:29

Two-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology

Two-dimensional (2D) microscopy encompasses a range of optical techniques that capture images within a single focal plane, offering detailed representations of microscopic structures. These techniques are essential in biological and medical research, enabling the visualization of cellular and subcellular structures with different levels of contrast and specificity.There are several major types of 2D microscopy, each with strengths and applications.Bright-Field MicroscopyBright-field microscopy...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...

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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices
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Moiré Effects in Low-Dimensional Heterostructures: From 2D Materials to 2D-3D Mixed-Dimensional Systems.

Guang Zhu1, Renzhe Li2, Nan Xu2

  • 1Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Moiré superlattices, initially in 2D materials, now extend to 3D, creating mixed-dimensional systems. This review covers moiré physics from 2D platforms to these novel 2D-3D architectures.

Keywords:
electronic structuregraphenehigh-order moirémagic anglemixed-dimensional moirémoiré effecttransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Moiré superlattices modify electronic bands via periodic potentials.
  • This has led to discoveries in flat bands, superconductivity, and topological responses in 2D quantum materials.
  • Moiré effects are now extending beyond 2D heterostructures into mixed-dimensional systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in moiré physics.
  • To cover the progression from 2D moiré systems to mixed-dimensional (2D-3D) architectures.
  • To highlight key phenomena and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on moiré superlattices.
  • Discussion of graphene-based and transition metal dichalcogenide moiré heterostructures.
  • Analysis of experimental studies on 2D-3D mixed-dimensional moiré systems.

Main Results:

  • Moiré potentials in 2D materials enable control over band dispersion, correlations, and superconductivity.
  • Transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures exhibit excitonic physics, hybridization, and topological properties.
  • Moiré modulation in 2D-3D systems reconstructs bulk electronic states beyond the interface.

Conclusions:

  • Moiré physics has evolved from 2D to mixed-dimensional systems, offering new avenues for quantum material research.
  • Future work should explore diverse materials, precise geometric control, and novel correlated/topological phases.
  • Understanding and engineering these mixed-dimensional moiré systems is crucial for next-generation electronic devices.