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Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds
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Published on: November 26, 2012

Task learning drives adaptive vocal adjustments in echolocating bats.

Qianyu Wang1, Huan Ye1, Jinhong Luo1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation & Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.

Zoological Research
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bats exhibit vocal flexibility, adapting call amplitude over months for auditory tasks. This vocal production learning may explain why echolocating mammals evolved this rare ability.

Keywords:
Acoustic communicationBehavioral ecologyEvolutionNeuroethologyVocal production control

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Bioacoustics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Vocal production learning (VPL) is crucial for human speech but rare in mammals.
  • Echolocating mammals like bats and cetaceans show vocal flexibility, suggesting a link to VPL.
  • Empirical evidence directly connecting vocal flexibility and VPL is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between vocal flexibility and vocal production learning in bats.
  • To determine if bats can adapt their vocalizations over extended periods in response to auditory tasks.
  • To explore the role of echolocation demands in the evolution of VPL.

Main Methods:

  • A psychophysical reinforcement learning paradigm was used to train Pratt's roundleaf bats (Hipposideros pratti).
  • Bats were trained to detect pure tones and virtual echoes in quiet and noisy conditions.
  • Call amplitude adaptations were measured across different timescales, including instantaneous and long-term (months).

Main Results:

  • Bats demonstrated task-specific call amplitude adaptation over timescales ranging from instantaneous to months.
  • The Lombard effect (noise-induced amplitude change) was modified by bats in a task-specific manner.
  • Long-term learning and relearning resulted in gradual, performance-correlated call amplitude adjustments.

Conclusions:

  • Bats exhibit significant vocal flexibility and adaptive vocal control, extending over long timescales.
  • Task-specific modification of the Lombard effect suggests sophisticated audio-vocal control.
  • The findings support the hypothesis that perceptual demands of echolocation may facilitate the evolution of VPL in bats.