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Endotracheal Intubation I: Procedure

Endotracheal Intubation I: Procedure

Endotracheal or ET intubation is a critical medical procedure used to secure a patient's airway, often in acute respiratory distress, apnea, upper airway obstruction, ineffective clearance of secretions, high risk for aspiration, or during general anesthesia.
The ET tube comprises various components, including a standard adaptor to attach a bag-valve-mask (BVM) or ventilator, a cuff, a pilot balloon, and radiopaque markings along its length to measure the insertion distance. The tube sizes...

Endotracheal Tube Extubation

Endotracheal Tube Extubation

Endotracheal tube extubation is a critical procedure in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. It involves physically removing the oral or nasal endotracheal (ET) tube, marking the final step in liberating a patient from ventilatory support.
Procedure
Extubation removes the endotracheal tube (ETT) from the patient on mechanical ventilation. It requires a well-coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals.

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening into the trachea, typically at the second or third cartilaginous ring level. This opening allows the insertion of a tracheostomy tube, which can replace an endotracheal tube, provide mechanical ventilation, bypass an upper airway obstruction, or remove accumulated tracheobronchial secretions.
Tracheostomy tubes can be made of semiflexible plastic (polyurethane or silicone), rigid plastic, or metal, and they come in...

Trachea

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...

Endotracheal Intubation II: Nursing Management

Endotracheal Intubation II: Nursing Management

Endotracheal intubation is a critical procedure that can be lifesaving for many patients with respiratory distress or failure. The role of nursing in managing endotracheal tubes is pivotal, as it involves pre-intubation preparation, assisting during the procedure, and post-extubation care.
1. Nursing Care of Patients Before Intubation
Before the endotracheal intubation procedure, nurses play an essential role in ensuring the process goes smoothly. The nurses must be familiar with intubation...

Tracheostomy Decannulation

Tracheostomy Decannulation

Tracheostomy decannulation is a significant milestone in the liberation of mechanically ventilated patients. Despite its importance, there is no universally accepted protocol for this procedure. This demands an evidence-based, individualized approach.
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Decannulation refers to the permanent removal of the tracheostomy tube, signaling the resolution of the condition that initially necessitated the tracheostomy. The process requires a well-coordinated interplay between...

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Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

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Effects of Intubation Duration on Trachea: A Histopathological Study.

Osman Kilic¹, Serdal Celik^1,2, Cemal Gundogdu³

¹ENT Clinic, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalcin City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye.

The Laryngoscope

|July 15, 2026

Summary

Prolonged endotracheal intubation causes significant tracheal damage, including ulceration and inflammation. Performing tracheotomy earlier, within 14 days, may reduce these histopathological complications.

Keywords:

dilatation endotracheal intubation histopathology inflammation tracheotomy

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Pathology
Intensive Care Medicine

Background:

Prolonged endotracheal intubation is a common necessity in critical care.
Understanding the histopathological consequences of intubation on the trachea is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze tracheal tissue changes in patients with varying durations of endotracheal intubation.
To correlate the duration of intubation with specific histopathological damage in the trachea.

Main Methods:

Histopathological evaluation of tracheal specimens from 46 adult patients undergoing tracheotomy.
Patients were grouped by intubation duration: 7-14 days, 15-28 days, and ≥29 days.
A control group of 20 patients with laryngeal cancer was included for comparison.

Main Results:

Intubated patients showed significant differences in ulceration, inflammation, granulation tissue, microabscesses, dilatation, neovascularization, desmoplasia, degeneration, perichondritis, and calcification compared to controls.
Dilatation and perichondritis rates increased significantly with longer intubation durations.

Conclusions:

Prolonged endotracheal intubation leads to diverse histopathological alterations in the trachea.
Increased injury and complication rates correlate with intubation duration.
Consideration should be given to performing tracheotomy within the initial 14 days of intubation to mitigate damage.