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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status
06:58

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Published on: February 3, 2022

ChatGPT-5.4 in health education: inter-generation stability and persistent readability challenges.

Xingmin Han1, Dan Li2, Ruirui Xing1

  • 1Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Public Health
|July 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Generative AI like ChatGPT-5.4 shows moderate stability in creating spinal surgery patient education materials. However, readability remains a challenge, requiring clinician review for patient use.

Keywords:
ChatGPT-5.4DISCERNhealth informationlarge language modelpatient educationreadabilityspinal surgery

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

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06:58

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Published on: February 3, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Medical Education Technology

Background:

  • Generative AI offers potential for creating patient education materials (PEMs).
  • Previous studies noted limitations in AI-generated PEMs regarding readability and stability.
  • ChatGPT-5.4 presents an opportunity to assess newer AI model performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate ChatGPT-5.4's inter-generation stability and usability for spinal surgery PEMs.
  • Assess the quality and readability of AI-generated patient education content.
  • Determine the consistency of core medical information across multiple AI responses.

Main Methods:

  • ChatGPT-5.4 generated five responses for common spinal surgery questions.
  • Qualitative analysis assessed language, information depth, structure, and supplementary content.
  • Readability was measured using Flesch-Kincaid and SMOG indices.
  • Content quality was rated by independent reviewers using the DISCERN tool.

Main Results:

  • Core medical information was consistent across responses, with variations in tone and detail.
  • Readability scores indicated challenging levels (FKGL 9.12-13.34, SMOG 8.90-11.84).
  • Average DISCERN scores suggested "average" quality (43.2-44.9).
  • ChatGPT-5.4 demonstrated moderate-to-high inter-generation stability.

Conclusions:

  • ChatGPT-5.4 shows potential for generating stable spinal surgery PEMs.
  • Readability and lack of verifiable references pose limitations for patient accessibility.
  • Clinician review and plain-language optimization are necessary before patient use.