Piezo1 in respiratory diseases: mechanotransduction, cell-specific functions, and translational implications

Piezo1 is a mechanically activated cation channel that converts membrane tension, shear stress, matrix stiffness, and tissue deformation into calcium-dependent signaling. In the respiratory system, Piezo1 has emerged as a key regulator of epithelial injury, endothelial barrier responses, pulmonary vascular remodeling, fibroblast activation, and immune cell function. This review synthesizes evidence linking Piezo1 to pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory infection, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while distinguishing direct Piezo1 evidence from broader mechanobiology support. Across these conditions, Piezo1 should not be interpreted as uniformly injurious or protective. Its net effect depends on the sensing cell type, force profile, disease phase, and downstream program engaged. We therefore propose a translational framework in which Piezo1-targeted strategies require temporal, regional, and lineage-specific control rather than systemic nonselective activation or inhibition.