Recent developments in the therapeutic management of acid-related gastrointestinal diseases

Acid-related gastrointestinal diseases, particularly gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD), remain major global health burdens despite decades of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based therapy. Persistent symptoms, nocturnal acid breakthrough, refractory disease, antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection, and interindividual pharmacogenomic variability continue to limit current management strategies.

This review summarizes therapeutic advances in acid-related diseases, focusing on articles published between 2020 and 2025 and on potassium-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs), mucosal protective agents, adjunctive pharmacotherapies, endoscopic anti-reflux interventions, and precision medicine studies. Literature from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, international guidelines, and observational studies was reviewed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical positioning of emerging therapies in GERD, PUD, and H. pylori eradication. The search was conducted in PubMed.

P-CABs, particularly vonoprazan, represent the most important advance in acid suppression in recent decades, offering faster, more potent, and more predictable acid inhibition than PPIs. Precision approaches integrating GERD phenotyping, pharmacogenomics, and antibiotic susceptibility testing are shifting management toward individualized care. However, long-term safety data, cost-effectiveness analyses, and robust comparative trials remain limited. Future progress will likely depend on combining phenotype-directed pharmacologic, endoscopic, and microbiome-informed strategies supported by artificial intelligence-driven diagnostics and treatment selection.