Recent Advances on Liquid-Phase Separation Techniques in Liquid Biopsy Technology for Detecting Circulating Cancer...

Globally, cancer morbidity and death are rising quickly, making it imperative to develop a workable plan for early cancer patient identification and treatment outcome prediction. Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive and repeatable technique, can replace the restrictions of tissue biopsy by detecting, assessing, and tracking cancer in any bodily fluid, including human blood. This novel diagnostic technique offers crucial data for tracking and recognizing tumor genomes in samples of physiological fluids. Through minimally invasive methods, the identification of tumor-origin biological components, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), exosomes, and autoantibodies in serum, plasma, saliva, and urine, allows for disease monitoring, early diagnosis, and assessment of treatment response. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive summary of the most recent discoveries and applications of liquid biopsy technology for detecting cancer biomarkers, with an emphasis on the years 2005-2025. When used in conjunction with other test results, liquid biopsy is also advantageous for early recurrence detection, monitoring patients who are considered to be at high risk of getting cancer and improving diagnosis. Combining patient history, clinical results, and biopsy biomarker amounts will enable more precise and timely diagnosis thanks to developments in analytical methods and informatics. This review thoroughly examined the biosynthesis, significance, and potential role of four well-known biological markers in tumor diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the advances and challenges in detection technologies for these analytes, as well as potential solutions to address these issues, were also discussed. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of liquid biopsy, along with suggestions for its future advancement.