Perceptions, Attitudes, and Use of AI by Medical Students: Mixed Methods Study

AI is transforming medicine by enhancing care, reducing administrative tasks, and facilitating research. AI also raises many concerns, including a lack of clinical context awareness, data dependence, and the absence of ethical judgment. As future practitioners, medical students must be prepared for these changes. Most studies assessing students' attitudes and knowledge were conducted before AI became accessible and tailored to the needs of the population. Therefore, how medical students actually use AI remains largely unexplored.

This study aimed to explore French medical students' perceptions, attitudes, and use of AI.

A mixed methods study was conducted in 2025 among French medical students in their clerkship year. An online survey included open-ended questions about the definition of AI and feelings toward AI, a Likert scale item to assess specific attitudes, and multiple-choice questions about student characteristics. Quantitative analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi-square tests, and exploratory multivariable linear regression to examine associations between AI knowledge, attitudes, and student characteristics. Qualitative thematic analysis was conducted inductively on open-text responses regarding perceptions of AI, feelings, training expectations, and use.

Of the 1377 responses received, 1342 were included. Students had a median age of 23 (IQR 22-24) years and were predominantly in their fifth year. Only 5% (67/1342) provided a correct definition of AI, while 57.4% (770/1342) gave incorrect responses. Attitudes toward AI were generally positive, with a median score of 7 (IQR 5-8). Students with unknown AI definitions had significantly lower attitude scores (P=.02), although the magnitude of the difference was small (ε²=0.005). In multivariable analysis, belonging to the unknown AI definition category remained associated with a lower general attitude toward AI score compared with the incorrect category (regression coefficient β=-0.72, 95% CI -1.17 to -0.28; P=.001). Regarding education, 48.5% (651/1342) of students preferred AI training outside the formal curriculum. Qualitative analysis revealed 5 themes: representation, nuanced optimism, critical consideration, replacement, and AI use. Students describe AI as a robot, an improved search engine, or an unlimited data source. Their nuanced optimism blends enthusiasm for efficient patient care and the opportunity to focus more on the patient relationship, with concerns about dehumanization, energy costs, and skill regression. Critical consideration underscores distrust from ethical dilemmas and data security risks. Replacement concerns arise from shifting professional roles, though many believe human empathy remains irreplaceable. Regarding AI use, students highlight its potential for administrative aid, personalized training, and clinical support.

Medical students report generally positive but varied attitudes toward AI, despite having a limited understanding of its foundations. Ecological concerns, fears of skill loss, and ethical issues coexist with widespread self-directed use of AI for learning. These findings provide a descriptive baseline for future evaluations of AI-related training, particularly regarding critical appraisal, ethical issues, and self-directed AI use.