Fetal Surgery Today: Indications, Outcomes, and Future Innovations

Maternal-fetal surgery has advanced rapidly, offering targeted prenatal interventions that can improve outcomes for conditions such as myelomeningocele, sacrococcygeal teratoma, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, lung lesions, lower urinary tract obstruction, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome. This review summarizes current fetal therapies, patient selection, contraindications, and maternal risks, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary evaluation. Emerging innovations, including fetoscopic repair techniques, stem cell and gene-based therapies, and tissue engineering, highlight the expanding potential of fetal intervention. Ethical frameworks remain essential to ensure that maternal autonomy and safety are prioritized while pursuing fetal benefit.