Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 6, 2026
Using Home-based, Remotely Supervised, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: March 1, 2024
Altius Direct Electrical Nerve Stimulation for the treatment of lower extremity post-amputation pain: a device and
1Evidence-Based Pain Management Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Introduction:
Post-amputation pain (PAP), including residual limb pain (RLP) and phantom limb pain (PLP), can impair quality of life, although not all patients experience severe symptoms. Current treatments often provide incomplete relief.
Areas Covered:
This review summarizes the treatment landscape, with emphasis on the Altius® high frequency alternating current (HFAC) nerve block therapy. A narrative review of PubMed, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov through 2026 for studies of electrical nerve stimulation in amputees. QUEST trial (NCT02221934, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, active-sham-controlled study of Altius system) was analyzed. FDA MAUDE database was queried for adverse events. HFAC reversibly blocks peripheral nerve conduction. In QUEST (n = 180), primary endpoint (≥50% pain reduction in ≥50% of sessions) was achieved at 30 min in 24.7% of HFAC versus 7.1% of sham subjects (p = 0.002). At 120 min, rates were 46.8% versus 22.2% (p = 0.001). Twelve-month follow-up (n = 146) showed sustained analgesia, improved quality of life, and reduced opioid use. Adverse events were mainly surgical; explant rates were 10-12%. MAUDE identified three reports (two infections, one lead fracture).
Expert Opinion:
Altius HFAC provides clinically meaningful, statistically significant analgesia for chronic lower-limb PAP in patients selected by diagnostic nerve block response. Further comparative and long-term evaluation is required.
