Sepsis-related immunosuppression: a comprehensive review of current research breakthroughs

This article focuses on Sepsis-related immunosuppression, systematically expounding on its pathological mechanisms, monitoring methods, and treatment strategies. Immunosuppression in sepsis involves multi-level functional exhaustion of the innate and adaptive immune systems, such as dysfunctions of monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, depletion of T and B cells, and imbalance of the cytokine network. The monitoring of the immune state mainly relies on the detection of the quantity and function of immune cells, HLA-DR expression, and cytokine levels. Treatment methods include immunostimulation (such as IL-7, GM-CSF), immune checkpoint inhibitors, other immunomodulatory therapies (such as IFN-γ, mesenchymal stem cells), and intravenous immunoglobulin. However, the clinical transformation effects of existing treatment strategies remain to be verified. In-depth research on sepsis-related immunosuppression is of great significance for improving clinical diagnosis and treatment and reducing mortality.Importantly, the pathogenesis and trajectory of immunosuppression in children differ significantly from adults due to age‑specific immune development, necessitating a separate discussion of pediatric‑specific mechanisms and monitoring strategies.