Heat-Induced Gelation of Legume Protein-Starch Systems: Mechanisms, Structure-Function Relationships and Food...

Plant-based food systems increasingly rely on heat-induced gelation of protein-starch mixtures, yet no focused synthesis has linked legume protein composition to mixed gel structure and function. This review critically analyses heat-induced gelation mechanisms in legume protein-starch systems, using the legumin-to-vicilin (L:V) ratio and starch origin as integrating design parameters. Legume storage proteins range from legumin-rich faba bean and Lupinus angustifolius, which form dense, disulfide-stabilised networks with high storage moduli, to vicilin-dominated mung bean, which produces weaker gels reliant on starch reinforcement. Pulse starches, characterised by high amylose content (24-45%), C-type crystallinity, and rapid amylose retrogradation upon cooling, act as a parallel gel-forming phase whose contribution scales inversely with protein network strength. Four protein-starch interaction modes, namely segregative phase separation, water competition, granule filler effects, and molecular complexation, jointly determine microstructure and rheological behaviour. A three-axis compositional framework defined by the L:V ratio, starch amylose content, and protein-to-starch ratio maps the gel design space. Variables favouring plant-based meat analogue performance, including high elastic modulus, yield stress, and hardness, are systematically opposed by dysphagia food requirements, including low yield stress, adequate lubrication, and soft fracture. This demonstrates that both application domains traverse the same compositional space in opposite directions. Critical research gaps include chickpea and lentil performance in meat analogue systems, mechanistic modelling of protein-matrix-mediated starch digestibility, and retrogradation kinetics during food storage.