Genetic Analysis of Italian Local Apple Genotypes from the Abruzzo Region

Objectives: Within the framework of the European Union's Submeasure 10.2 for the conservation and sustainable use and development of genetic resources in agriculture, this study aimed to genetically characterize specific apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) varieties from the Abruzzo region (Italy) using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Methods: A total of 67 samples, including 10 reference accessions from a national germplasm collection, were analyzed to assess genetic diversity and varietal traceability. Nine highly polymorphic SSR markers were selected based on a literature review and applied to DNA extracted from leaf tissues. Results: Molecular analyses, including PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis, revealed seven genetic groups with identical profiles and 15 individuals with unique genetic fingerprints, representing approximately 22% of the dataset. Statistical analyses using R Studio (PAST and LEA) confirmed high genetic diversity (mean PIC = 0.81; mean He = 0.83) and identified two major genetic clusters, with evidence of admixed ancestry in some accessions. Conclusions: These findings highlight discrepancies between declared and actual varietal identities, underscore the value of genetic traceability for biodiversity conservation, and provide a robust framework for the protection and valorization of local apple germplasms.