Targeting CDK2 and AURKA with Cerevisterol from Ganoderma lucidum to Sensitize Colorectal Cancer to Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, necessitating novel adjuvant strategies. This study employed an integrated analytical strategy combining network pharmacology, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and molecular dynamics simulations to identify bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and elucidate their chemo-sensitizing mechanisms. Network pharmacology identified five bioactive components of G. lucidum, corresponding to 267 potential targets. Integration with transcriptomic data, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and known CRC genes refined these to 19 core targets. Cross-referencing with scRNA-seq data from irinotecan-treated PDOs pinpointed cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and Aurora kinase A (AURKA) as pivotal targets. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding of the key component cerevisterol to both CDK2 and AURKA proteins, with binding free energies of -120.67 kJ/mol and -134.47 kJ/mol, respectively. In vitro cell viability assays across multiple CRC cell lines (HCT116, RKO, and HT-29) and PDOs demonstrated that cerevisterol significantly sensitized CRC cells to irinotecan (SN38). Notably, we observed that CDK2 was preferentially enriched in MSI-H tumors, whereas AURKA was enriched in MSS tumors, suggesting the potential of MSI status as a biomarker for patient stratification. Collectively, these findings identify cerevisterol as a dual-targeting natural product that modulates CDK2 and AURKA to overcome chemotherapy resistance, providing a quantitative analytical framework for discovering bioactive compounds and their molecular targets from medicinal fungi.