Neurosensory Integration and Balance Adaptation: Personalization of Postural Control Through the Prism of Individual...

Postural control is a multilevel adaptive system that stabilizes the body in space through dynamic sensory rebalancing and predictive neuromotor regulation. This review synthesizes current data on the neural mechanisms of balance maintenance, individual strategies for integrating multisensory information, and the role of immersive virtual reality as a controlled experimental and neuromodulation platform, synthesising evidence from 73 studies across neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and VR-based rehabilitation. Particular attention is paid to the cognitive style of "field dependence/independence", which reflects stable preferences for the dominance of visual or vestibular-proprioceptive signals and consistently predicts the selection of postural strategies. We show that traditional averaged models ignore interpersonal variability, whereas immersive VR allows for the parametric induction of sensory conflicts, quantitative assessment of sensory dependence profiles, and facilitates the study of adaptive reorganization at the cortical, brainstem, and spinal levels. The review substantiates the need to move from standardized protocols to personalized approaches in diagnostics and neurorehabilitation that consider individual patterns of input rebalancing. The integration of behavioural metrics with neurophysiological markers in a VR environment provides a foundation for developing predictive balance models and targeted training interventions. However, the translational application of VR-based approaches requires careful consideration of methodological limitations, including cybersickness, hardware latency, and ecological validity, to ensure robust and generalisable outcomes.